IBMIBM
$221.3B market capSells enterprise software, consulting and mainframes, with Red Hat at the centre of its cloud push.
IBM in 36 checks
IBM at a glance: how it scores on value, growth, quality, health, shareholder returns and trend. The fuller the shape, the stronger the company. Behind each axis are six pass-or-fail checks from its filings, spelled out in the chapters below. Point at an axis to see them.
A mixed picture - strengths and real weaknesses - 20 of 36 checks passed.
Value
What you pay today for what the business produces, measured against IBM's own history and its peers, never a universal rule.
Fairly priced on some measures, rich on others - earnings multiple above its own long-run norm.
Is the price high or low right now, compared to what the market usually pays?
→At 20.8x earnings, the market is paying +35% more than IBM's own 11-year median of 15.4x. Expectations are elevated, so more has to go right to justify the price.
What has the market paid for IBM over the years?
◌ 2026 = at the latest close (2026-09-04), over the trailing twelve months; earlier years are annual averages
→At 20.8x earnings, the market is paying +35% more than IBM's own 11-year median of 15.4x. Expectations are elevated, so more has to go right to justify the price.
What cash return does the business throw off per dollar of market value?
6.2%FCF yield today
◌ 2026 = at the latest close (2026-09-04), over the trailing twelve months; earlier years are annual averages
→At 6.2%, you get less cash per dollar of market value than the 11-year median of 13.3% - the market is charging more for the same cash.
What does “Value” actually mean?
Value asks what you pay for each dollar of earnings, sales or cash the business produces. A high multiple isn't automatically bad - fast growers earn theirs - but a price far above the company's own history means the market expects a lot to go right. We compare each multiple to the company's own past and to its sector, never to a universal rule.
How we scored it · 3 of 6 checks passed
| – | Cheaper than its own history (earnings) | no multiple history |
| ✓ | Earnings yield beats a long bond (4%) | 4.8% vs 4.0% |
| – | Better cash yield than its own history | under 3 years of cash-flow history |
| ✓ | Free cash flow yield above 3% | 6.2% vs 3.0% |
| – | Cheap on enterprise value | EBITDA unavailable |
| ✓ | Price isn't outrunning growth | PEG 0.25 |
Growth
What the company has actually reported - is it selling more, and is more of it becoming profit?
The business is genuinely growing - revenue +7.9% in the last year, and it's consistent.
Revenue: is the business selling more than it used to?
◌ 2026 = trailing twelve months to the latest filed quarter, not a full fiscal year
→Revenue reached $67.5B in 2025, compounding +4% a year since 2022 and the pace is picking up. The trailing twelve months are already running at $69.1B, ahead of the last full year.
Net income: how much of that revenue becomes profit?
◌ 2026 = trailing twelve months to the latest filed quarter, not a full fiscal year
→Net income was $10.6B in 2025, compounding +86% a year over three years. Earnings per share moved +84% over the last twelve months.
How fast is it growing, year by year?
+8%revenue growth, FY 2025
Shown separately because they would flatten the axis: 2023 earnings +358% - rebounds off a collapsed prior year.
→In 2025 revenue grew +8% while earnings moved +76% - when the earnings line runs above revenue, each new dollar of sales is arriving more profitably.
What does “Growth” actually mean?
Growth here is what the company has actually reported to the SEC - not a forecast. We look at the last year, the three-year pace, whether growth is speeding up or slowing down, and whether it's been consistent rather than one lucky year. Hatched bars are fourth quarters we derived from annual filings (companies file a full-year 10-K rather than a Q4 report).
How we scored it · 5 of 6 checks passed
| ✓ | Outgrew its sector last year | 7.9% vs 7.6% (sector 70th pct, n=126) |
| ✕ | Sustained growth beats its sector (3 years) | 3.7% vs 11.9% (sector 70th pct, n=122) |
| ✓ | Profits grew last year | 83.9% vs 0.0% |
| ✓ | Profit growth beats its peers | 83.9% vs 23.4% (sector 70th pct, n=84) |
| ✓ | Growth is speeding up, not slowing | 1y 7.9% vs 3y 3.7% |
| ✓ | Grew per share, not just in total | 7.3% vs 0.0% |
Quality
Whether the growth makes real money - margins, returns on capital, and whether profits turn into cash.
Rare profitability: margins and returns on capital are well above its peers.
Margins: of every $1 of sales, how much survives each cost layer?
◌ 2026 = trailing twelve months to the latest filed quarter (2026-06-30), not a full fiscal year
→Net margin stands at 16% in 2025. IBM doesn't break out gross or operating margin in its filings, so net is the only layer the data supports.
Earnings quality: do the reported profits turn into real cash?
◌ 2026 = trailing twelve months to the latest filed quarter (2026-06-30), not a full fiscal year
→Operating cash flow runs at 139% of reported profit, so the earnings are more than backed by cash - depreciation and other non-cash charges are understating what the business actually collects.
What does it earn on the money it uses?
◌ 2026 = trailing twelve months to the latest filed quarter (2026-06-30), not a full fiscal year
→ROE of 32% on shareholders' capital (ROCE isn't meaningful for this business model).
How much of every sales dollar ends up as free cash?
◌ 2026 = trailing twelve months to the latest filed quarter, not a full fiscal year
→18 cents of every sales dollar became free cash in 2025, up 3 points since 2022.
What does staying competitive cost, per dollar of sales?
◌ 2026 = trailing twelve months to the latest filed quarter (2026-06-30), not a full fiscal year
→The biggest claim on each sales dollar is research and development, at 12% of revenue (stock compensation 3%, capital spending 2%).
What does “Quality” actually mean?
Quality asks whether the growth makes real money. Margins show how much of each sale survives costs; return on equity shows what shareholders earn on their capital; and the profit-to-cash comparison catches companies whose accounting profits never turn into actual cash.
How we scored it · 6 of 6 checks passed
| ✓ | Better gross margins than peers | 58.1% vs 42.7% (sector 70th pct, n=96) |
| ✓ | Turns more of its sales into operating cash than peers | 21.5% vs 17.4% (sector 70th pct, n=129) |
| ✓ | Actually profitable | TTM net income $10.7B |
| ✓ | Earns well on shareholders' money | 31.1% vs 17.3% (sector 70th pct, n=112) |
| ✓ | Earns a real return on its assets | 7.1% vs 5.0% |
| ✓ | Profits are cash, not accounting | 1.39 vs 0.80 |
Health
The balance sheet stress test: could IBM survive a bad year?
Financially sound overall, with one or two things worth watching.
Could it handle its debt if things went wrong?
→Debt of $62.0B sits against $8.1B of cash, or 1.8x shareholders' equity.
Is the company's own capital growing or shrinking?
→The company's own capital grew from $22.5B in 2023 to $34.5B (+53%). The business is building book value rather than consuming it.
What does “Health” actually mean?
Health asks one question: can the business survive a bad year? We check whether near-term bills are covered, whether debt is modest and shrinking, whether earnings comfortably pay the interest, and - for loss-makers - how many years of cash are left at the current burn rate.
How we scored it · 3 of 6 checks passed
| ✕ | Comfortable near-term liquidity | 0.79 vs 1.50 |
| ✕ | Debt isn't dominating | 1.80 vs 1.00 |
| ✓ | Debt trending the right way | debt/equity 1.80 now vs 2.74 five years ago |
| ✕ | Could repay its debt from three years of operating cash | 4.16 vs 3.00 |
| ✓ | Converts sales to cash better than its sector | 21.5% vs 17.4% (sector 70th pct, n=129) |
| ✓ | Self-funding | TTM free cash flow $13.8B |
Shareholder returns
How much cash actually flows back to owners - dividends, buybacks, whether the share count truly falls, and whether what is handed back is affordable.
Cash does come back to owners, but the share count is still climbing - part of it is recycling.
How much goes back to shareholders - and how much leaks out as stock compensation?
→$7.6B returned last year against $1.7B of stock issued to employees - the returns outweigh the dilution 4.4-to-1.
How fast is your ownership being diluted - or concentrated?
→1.2% more shares last year - your stake was diluted by that much.
Is the dividend cheque itself growing?
→Up from $6.47 to $6.59 per share over 5 years - the cheque keeps growing.
What does the payout earn you at each year's prices?
◌ 2026 = at the latest close (2026-09-04), over the trailing twelve months; earlier years are annual averages
→At today's price the yield is 2.8%.
Can it actually afford the dividend?
◌ 2026 = trailing twelve months to the latest filed quarter (2026-06-30), not a full fiscal year
→Comfortable: 59% of profits and 52% of free cash flow go out as dividends - well inside what the business generates.
IBM has issued or retired shares - did shareholders end up better off?
Both lines start at 100 in 2011, so the gap between them is what each share gained or lost. Share counts are split-adjusted.
→IBM has shrunk its share count -22% from 2011 to 2025, so each remaining share owns more of the business. Revenue per share is -19% over the same years.
Why compare buybacks with stock compensation?
A company can trumpet billions in buybacks while quietly issuing nearly as much stock to employees. What matters to you is the net effect: is the share count actually falling? If not, the 'return' is mostly recycling.
How we scored it · 3 of 6 checks passed
| ✕ | Share count isn't climbing | shares up 4.0% over 3 years |
| ✕ | Buybacks outpace the stock issued to staff | $1.4B bought back vs $1.9B of stock compensation |
| ✓ | What it hands back fits inside its cash flow | 55.6% vs 100.0% |
| ✓ | Meaningful yield to owners (dividends and buybacks) | $7.7B returned, 3.5% of market value |
| ✓ | Reliable payer, never cut | paid 10/10 years, worst year-on-year change 0.7% |
| ✕ | Dividend growing ahead of inflation | 5.2% vs 9.0% |
Trend analysis
What the market is doing about all of the above. This is price behaviour, not a fact about the business - read it as the market's current opinion, scored on six checks like every other chapter. The market is the S&P 500, measured by the SPY ETF with dividends included, over 3 months (63 trading sessions) and 12 months (252).
The market is voting against it right now - a falling trend on most measures.
How is IBM's trend actually behaving right now?
Chart by TradingView
→IBM has no trend to speak of right now: the price is inside the band where recent trading settled, and that band is tilting down, so the drift is gently against it. It crossed only 2 sessions ago, so treat it as unsettled. The last two weeks are running ahead of the last month and the price is above where it stood a month ago, so what pressure there is leans upward.
How the trend above is worked out
The trend read comes from the daily Ichimoku picture, a standard trend indicator, translated out of its jargon. It builds a band from the midpoints of the last 9, 26 and 52 sessions' highs and lows - in effect, the range where recent trading has settled - and draws that band 26 sessions into the future. Price above the band is an uptrend, below it a downtrend, inside it no trend. Because the band is drawn forward, the support for the next few weeks is already fixed and a change of its direction can be seen coming. We also compare the last two weeks against the last month, and today's price against where it stood a month ago. None of this says anything about the business; it describes the price only, and it is not advice. Where a check says 'the S&P 500', the comparison is with the SPY ETF including dividends, on the same adjusted basis as the stock's own price: short means 3 months, 63 trading sessions; long means 12 months, 252.
How we scored it · 0 of 6 checks passed
| ✕ | Trading above its cloud | 0.00 vs 0.50 |
| ✕ | Long-term trend structure is healthy | 240.30 vs 259.00 |
| ✕ | Rising over 3 months | -16.9% vs 0.0% |
| ✕ | Beating the S&P 500 over 3 months | -16.9% vs 4.7% |
| ✕ | Beating the S&P 500 over 12 months | -2.5% vs 20.0% |
| ✕ | Not in a deep hole | -28.1% from its 52-week high |
Insider activity
What the people running the company do with their own shares - reported to the SEC within two days, classified so pay-plumbing doesn't masquerade as conviction.
Are the people running it buying or selling with their own money?
→$6M sold against $113,155 bought. Watch whether the buyers are executives (conviction) or the sales cluster outside scheduled plans.
Who did what, exactly?
| Date | Insider | Role | Type | Shares | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-08-26 | Robert David Thomas | Senior Vice President | SELL | 25,000 | $6M |
| 2026-07-01 | Anne Robinson | Senior Vice President | tax | 3,254 | $933,003 |
| 2026-07-01 | Anne Robinson | Senior Vice President | tax | 781 | $223,932 |
| 2026-02-25 | Michelle J Howard | Director | BUY | 50 | $11,891 |
| 2026-02-25 | Michael Miebach | Director | BUY | 434 | $101,264 |
| 2026-02-21 | Gary D Cohn | Vice Chairman | tax | 1,507 | $386,425 |
| 2026-02-21 | Gary D Cohn | Vice Chairman | tax | 1,444 | $370,270 |
| 2026-02-21 | Gary D Cohn | Vice Chairman | tax | 1,243 | $318,730 |
| 2026-02-21 | James J Kavanaugh | Sr. VP and CFO | tax | 1,694 | $434,375 |
| 2026-02-21 | James J Kavanaugh | Sr. VP and CFO | tax | 1,792 | $459,505 |
Why do the transaction types matter so much?
Most insider filings are not trades: stock grants, option exercises and tax withholding are how executives get paid, and gifts are estate planning. The signal lives in open-market transactions - a buy means an insider chose to spend their own cash on the stock. Sells are murkier: many are pre-scheduled 10b5-1 plans set months in advance. That's why the chart counts only open-market activity, and the table labels every row.